Appliance operating cost methodology

Formula

kWh = watts × hours × dutyCycle × quantity / 1000; cost = kWh × ratePerKwh (state-average basis)

Default assumptions

Not included

• Taxes and fees are not modeled
• Tiered or time-of-use pricing is not applied (state-average single-rate basis)
• Standby/phantom loads beyond the duty-cycle model are not separately modeled
• Demand charges do not apply to residential appliance use here
• This is not a measured bill; behavior and weather vary

Change log

1.0.0: initial release. State-average single-rate basis; usage+rate range model; explainable confidence.

Reviewed by: methodology. Historical estimates are never overwritten when a methodology changes.